Bài 1. Khai triển các biểu thức sau
a) $(\sqrt{x}-1)^2+(\sqrt{x}+1)^2$.
b) $(\sqrt{x}+2)(\sqrt{x}-3)-(\sqrt{x}+1)(2\sqrt{x}-5)$.
c) $(2\sqrt{x}-3)^2+3(\sqrt{x}-1)(\sqrt{x}+2)$.
d) $(3-\sqrt{x})(3+\sqrt{x})+(\sqrt{x}-2)^2$.
Giải
a) $(\sqrt{x}-1)^2+(\sqrt{x}+1)^2$
$= {{(\sqrt{x}-1)}^2}+{{(\sqrt{x}+1)}^2}$
$=x-2\sqrt{x}+1+x+2\sqrt{x}+1=2x+2$.
b) $(\sqrt{x}+2)(\sqrt{x}-3)-(\sqrt{x}+1)(2\sqrt{x}-5)$
$=(\sqrt{x}+2)(\sqrt{x}-3)-(\sqrt{x}+1)(2\sqrt{x}-5)$
$=x-\sqrt{x}-6-2x+3\sqrt{x}+5$
$=-x+2\sqrt{x}-1=-{{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}^2}$.
c) $(2\sqrt{x}-3)^2+3(\sqrt{x}-1)(\sqrt{x}+2)$
$={{(2\sqrt{x}-3)}^2}+3(\sqrt{x}-1)(\sqrt{x}+2)$
$=4x-12\sqrt{x}+9+3\left(x+\sqrt{x}-2\right)$
$=7x-9\sqrt{x}+3$.
d) $(3-\sqrt{x})(3+\sqrt{x})+(\sqrt{x}-2)^2$
$=(3-\sqrt{x})(3+\sqrt{x})+{{(\sqrt{x}-2)}^2}$
$=9-x+x-4\sqrt{x}+4$
$=13-4\sqrt{x}$.
Bài 2. Rút gọn các biểu thức sau:
a) $A=(\sqrt{x}+2)(5-\sqrt{x})-(\sqrt{x}+3)(\sqrt{x}+1)-(3x+4\sqrt{x}+5)$. $(x \geq 0)$
b) $B=(2\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b})(\sqrt{a}+1)-(2-\sqrt{a b})(\sqrt{a}-1)$. ($a, b \geq 0$)
Giải
a) $A=(\sqrt{x}+2)(5-\sqrt{x})-(\sqrt{x}+3)(\sqrt{x}+1)-(3x+4\sqrt{x}+5)$
$A=(\sqrt{x}+2)(5-\sqrt{x})-(\sqrt{x}+3)(\sqrt{x}+1)-(3x+4\sqrt{x}+5)$
$A=x+3\sqrt{x}+10-\left(x+4\sqrt{x}+3\right)-3x-4\sqrt{x}-5$
$A=x+3\sqrt{x}+10-x-4\sqrt{x}-3-3x-4\sqrt{x}-5$
$A=-3x-5\sqrt{x}+2$
b) $B=(2\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b})(\sqrt{a}+1)-(2-\sqrt{a b})(\sqrt{a}-1)$
$B=(2\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{b})(\sqrt{a}+1)-(2-\sqrt{ab})(\sqrt{a}-1)$
$B=2a+2\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{ab}+\sqrt{b}-\left(2\sqrt{a}-2-a \sqrt{b}+\sqrt{ab}\right)$
$B=2a+2\sqrt{a}+\sqrt{ab}+\sqrt{b}-2\sqrt{a}+2+a \sqrt{b}-\sqrt{ab}$
$B=2a+\sqrt{b}+2+a \sqrt{b}$
Bài 3. Phân tích các đa thức sau thành nhân tử:
a) $A=x-\sqrt{x}-2$.
b) $B=x-y+3\sqrt{x}-3\sqrt{y}$.
c) $C=\sqrt{a b}+2\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}-2$.
d) $D=x\sqrt{x}+x-2\sqrt{x}$.
Giải
a) $A=x-\sqrt{x}-2={{\left(\sqrt{x}\right)}^2}-1 \left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)$
$=\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)-\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)$
$=\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)$.
b) $B=x-y+3\sqrt{x}-3\sqrt{y}=\left(\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{y}\right)\left(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}\right)+3\left(\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{y}\right)$
$=\left(\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{y}\right)\left(\sqrt{x}+\sqrt{y}+3\right)$.
c)$C=\sqrt{ab}+2\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}-2=\sqrt{a}.\sqrt{b}+2\sqrt{a}-\sqrt{b}-2$
$=\sqrt{b}\left(\sqrt{a}-1\right)+2\left(\sqrt{a}-1\right)$
$=\left(\sqrt{a}-1\right)\left(\sqrt{b}+2\right)$.
d)
$D=x\sqrt{x}+x-2\sqrt{x}$
$=x\sqrt{x}-\sqrt{x}+x-\sqrt{x}$
$=\sqrt{x}(x-1)+\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)$
$=\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)+\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)$
$=\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)\left(2\sqrt{x}+1\right)$
Bài 4. Rút gọn các biểu thức sau:
a) $\dfrac{x-2\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}-1}$.
b) $\dfrac{x-4\sqrt{x}+4}{x-2\sqrt{x}}$.
c) $\dfrac{x\sqrt{x}+8}{\sqrt{x}+2}-x-4$.
d) $\dfrac{x-4\sqrt{x}-5}{\sqrt{x}+1}$.
Giải
a)Ta có $\dfrac{x-2\sqrt{x}+1}{\sqrt{x}-1}=\dfrac{{{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}^2}}{\left(\sqrt{x}-1\right)}=\sqrt{x}-1$.
b) Ta có $\dfrac{x-4\sqrt{x}+4}{x-2\sqrt{x}}=\dfrac{{{\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}^2}}{\sqrt{x}\left(\sqrt{x}-2\right)}=\dfrac{\sqrt{x}-2}{\sqrt{x}}=1-\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{x}}$.
c) Ta có $\dfrac{x\sqrt{x}+8}{\sqrt{x}+2}-x-4=\dfrac{x\sqrt{x}+8-x\sqrt{x}-2\sqrt{x}-4\sqrt{x}-8}{\sqrt{x}+2}=\dfrac{-6\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x}+2}$.
d) Ta có $\dfrac{x-4\sqrt{x}-5}{\sqrt{x}+1}=\dfrac{\left(\sqrt{x}-5\right)\left(\sqrt{x}+1\right)}{\sqrt{x}+1}=\sqrt{x}-5$.
Bài tập rèn luyện
Bài 1. Khai triển
a) $(\sqrt{a}+2)^2 – (\sqrt(a)-1)^2$.
b) $\sqrt{b}(\sqrt{b}+1)^2 – 2b(\sqrt{b}+3)$.
c) $(\sqrt{x}-1)(\sqrt{y}+4)- 2(2\sqrt{x}+1)(2-\sqrt{y})$.
d) $(\sqrt{x}-1)^3 – 3(\sqrt{x}+2)(\sqrt{x}-1) – 2x(\sqrt{x}-1)$.
Bài 2. Cho $x = \sqrt{3} – \sqrt{2}$.
a) Tính giá trị của biểu thức $A = x^2 -4x+1$.
b) Tính giá trị của biểu thức $B = x^4 -x^2+1$.
Bài 3. Rút gọn các biểu thức sau:
a) $\dfrac{{a\sqrt a – 1}}{{\sqrt a – 1}} – \sqrt a $
b) $\dfrac{{x\sqrt x + 8}}{{\sqrt x + 2}} – 2\sqrt x $
Bài 4. Rút gọn các biểu thức sau:
a) $\dfrac{{a – 1}}{{\sqrt a + 1}} + \dfrac{{4 – a}}{{\sqrt a + 2}}$.
b) $\dfrac{x-3\sqrt{x}+2}{\sqrt{x}-2}+\dfrac{x-5\sqrt{x}+4}{\sqrt{x}-1}$.
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